INDO-EUROPEAN COMMUNICATIONS:
THE MODEL OF “NOMADIC HOMELAND”
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.2179-7137.2020v9n04.52819Palavras-chave:
steppeland culture, migrations, wheeled transport, cattle-breeding, tin-mettallurgy, clan-leadership.Resumo
The authors of the article studied the origin of Indo-European tribes in the light of ancient communications and the spread of the tribes according to wheeled transport relics in the steppe zone of Eastern Eurasia. The authors considered some modern theories related to Indo-European (IE) and Indo-Iranian (IIr) origin, defined IE innovations that marked the territories as possible homelands for IEs, and localized them on the map and. The authors used the method of mapping and analysing of IE innovations for localization of possible homeland teritories of IE on the maps and substantiate the polycentric model of the ancestral homeland of IE as model of “nomadic homeland”. According to this model, the IE homeland was localized in the steppe-lands of Eurasian continent, and in the course of time changed its place from Assyrian steppes to Eurasia (Europe and Ural-Kazakh steppes) by two main ways (north and south) through Margiana and Transcaucasia.
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List of abbreviations
IE – the Indo-Europeans.
IIr – the Indo-Iranians.
JIES – Journal of Indo-European Studies.
KSIA – Brief reports of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. – Moscow: Nauka.
MNC – Maikop-Novosvobodnaya community.
MRA – Materials and research on the archeology of the USSR.
PAS – Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences.
PPS – Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. – London.
RAY – Russian Archaeological yearbook. – St. Petersburg.
RSH – Reports of the State Hermitage. – Leningrad.
SA/RA – Soviet archaeology/ Russian archeology. – Moscow: Nauka.
SAPAR – Siberian Association of Prehistoric Art Researchers.
List of figures
Figure 1. Urals-Kazakh steppes. Reconstruction of true chariot drawn by two horses, according to the evidence of Early Andronovo chariot burials. Reconstructed by Viktor Novozhenov and Krym Altynbekov [2014]
Figure 2. The channels of communication in the 3rd millennium BCE: Era of vans and battle wagons. Colored arrows on the map: white – Pit-Grave and Afanasievo communication channel; yellow – Sumerian communication channel; black – Turanian communication channel; red – Harappan communication channel
Figure 3. The alleged localization of Indo-European homelands in the 3rd millennium BCE. I – Anatolia and Northern Mesopotamia; II – Central Europe; III – Transcaucasia (foothills and steppe); IV – Late Ural-Kazakh “Indo-Iranian homeland”. Colored arrows on the map: white – Pit Grave and Afanasievo communication channel; yellow – Hittite-Mitannian communication channel; black – Turanian communication channel; red – Harappan communication channel; blue – Maicop migration; green – Hittite-Luwian migration; dotted black arrow – Chemurchek migration
Figure 4. Localization of the petroglyphs of Central Asia, containing images of chariots and carts. 1 – Akdzhilga; 2 – Tekke-Tash; 3 – Ohna; 4 – Karakiyasay; 5 – Thor; 6 – Chibbarnala; 7 – Dharampuri; 8 – Chatur Bhu Nash; 9 – Eda Kalkave; 10 – Zhaltyryk-Tash; 11 – Ters; 12-18 – Koibagar, Arpauzen, Koshkar Ata, Gabaevka, Kokbulak, Ran-Ozen, Xan; 19 – Saimaly-Tash; 20 – Tamgaly; 21 – Chumysh; 22 – Jambul; 23 – Kesteletas; 24 – Baikonur 3, “N”; 25 – Sayak; 26 – Eshkiolmes; 27 – Akbaur; 28 – Kurchum; 29 – Moinak; 30 – Tulkune; 31 – Saur Tarbagatai; 32-35 – Kalbak-Tash, Zhalgyz Tepe, Elangash, Adyrkhayev; 36 – Yamany-Us; 37 – Tsagaan Gol; 38 – Bichigty Am; 39 – Hobd Somon; 40 – Beger Somon; 41 – Chuluut; 42 – Darvi Somon; 43 – Manlan Somon; 44 – Havtsgayt; 45 – Urad (the Lang Mountains); 46 – Jiangsu (Kanguan); 47 – Syin Churek; 48 – Mugur Sargol-Ching; 49 – “The Way of Genghis Khan”; 50 – Ortaa Sargol; 51 – Ust Tuba; 52 – “Shaman Stone” (Oglakhty); 53 – Suhaniha; 54 – Mount Tunchuh; 55 – Oshkol; 56 – Mount Sedlovina; 57 – Mount Shishka; 58 – Mount Polosataia; 59 – Transbaikalia; 60 – Sulek; 61 – Tabangut Obo
Figure 5. The channels of communication in the 2nd millennium BCE: The era of Chariots. Colored arrows on the map: white – Seima-Turbino communication channel (the Tin Road); yellow – Turanian communication channel; black – Hittite-Mitannian communication channel; red – Egyptian communication channel; blue – Indian communication channel
Figure 6. Estimated localization of the ancestral homeland of the late Indo-Europeans at the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE. Colored arrows on the map: white – Seima-Turbino communication channel (the Tin Road); yellow – Turanian communication channel; black – Hittite-Mitannian communication channel; red – Egyptian communication channel; blue – Indian communication channel
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Anthony D. W, Brown D. R. The secondary products revolution, horse-riding, and mounted warfare. In Journal of World Prehistory 24, 2011:131–160.
Bobomulloev S. Excavation of funeral structure in Zardchakhalipha. In: Izvestia AN Tadjikistan. Oriental studies, history and phililogy series. Dushambe, 1993:56-63.
Bochkarev V. S. Cultural genesis and metal in the Ancient Eastern Europe. St. Petersburg, 2010.
Bochkarev V. S. Certain characteristic features of the Bronze Era of Eastern Europe. In: Eurasian steppe cultures and their interaction with the ancient civilizations. Proceedings of the international scientific conference. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 2012: 13-24.
Chernykh E. N. Steppe zone of Eurasia: The Phenomenon of nomadic cultures. Moscow: Handwritten monuments of ancient Russia, 2009.
Chechushkov I. V., Epimakhov A. V. Chariot and harness as a cultural indicator of the evolution of horse breeding. Chariot complex of Ural-Kazakh steppes. In: Horses, chariots, and charioteers of Eurasian steppes. – Ekaterinburg: Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, UO RAS, 2010:182-229.
Chechushkov I., et al. (Chechushkov I.V., Epimakhov A.V., Bersenev A.G.). Early horse bridle with cheekpieces as a marker of social change: An experimental and statistical study. In: Journal of Archaeological Science 97, 2018:125-136.
Childe V. G. The first wagons and carts from Tigris to the Severn. In: PPS. N 8. 1951.
Childe V. G. The Diffusion of Wheeled Vehicles. In: Ethnographisch-archaeologische Forschungen. Vol. 2. 1954: 1-17.
Childe V. G. The down of European civilization. London, 1957.
Damgaard et al. The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia In: Science, 556, 09 May 2018a, DOI: 10.1126/science.aar771
Damgaard et al. 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppe. In: Nature, 557, (7705), 17 may 2018b:369-375.
Diakonov I. M. Language contacts in the Caucasus and the Middle East. In: Caucasus and the civilization of the Middle East. Abstracts of the conference. Ordzhonikidze, 1989: 5-21.
Epimakhov A. V. “Horizon of chariot cultures” of Bronze Age: evaluation of heuristic capabilities. In: Proceedings of the Chelyabinsk Scientific Center. Vol. 2 (39). 2008: 93-96.
Frankfort H.-P. Civilization of BMAC and location of Marakhshi in 2300-1800 BCE. In: Ancient Margiana – new center of world civilization. Proceedings of the international conference. Mary, 2006:193-194.
Gamkrelidze T., Ivanov V.V. Indo-European language and the Indo-Europeans. Tbilisi: Publishing House of the University, 1984. Part 1-2.
Gay A. N. Novotitorovo culture. Moscow: Old Garden, 2000.
Gaunitz Ch., et al. Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses In: Science 22, Feb2018:eaao3297, DOI: 10.1126/science.aao3297
Gimbutas M. Proto-Indo-European culture: the Kurgan culture during 5th-4th and 3rd Millenniums BCE. In: Indo-European and Indo-Europeans. Philadelphia, 1970:155-197.
Gimbutas M. The first wave of Eurasian steppe pastoralists in Copper Age Europe. In: JIES. Vol. 2. N 4. 1978:277-338.
Goldberg A. et al. (Goldberg, A., Günther, T., Rosenberg, N. A., and Jakobsson, M.). Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2017:201616392. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616392114.
Griaznov M. P. Milestones of pastoral tribes of Kazakhstan and Southern Siberia in the Bronze Age. In: KSIA. Vol. 26. 1957: 21-28.
Grigoriev S. A. Ancient Indo-Europeans: the experience of historical reconstruction. Chelyabinsk, 1999.
Grigoriev S. A. Migrations and their role in cultural genesis. In: Eurasian steppe cultures and their interaction with the ancient civilizations. Proceedings of the international scientific conference. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 2012a: 40-48.
Grigoriev S. A. Bronze Age mettalurgy in Northen Eurasia. Cheliabinsk: Tsitsero, 2013.
Grushin S. P. Spearheads Seima-Turbino type of Ob-Irtysh interfluve. In: Eurasian steppe cultures and their interaction with the ancient civilizations. Proceedings of the international scientific conference. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 2012: 224-228.
Jettmar K. Die Religionen des Hindukusch. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1975.
Haak et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. In: Nature 522, 2015:207–211. DOI: 10.1038/nature14317.
Hanks B. K., Epimakhov A. V., Renfrew C. Towards a refined chronology for the Bronze Age of the Southern Urals, Russia. In: Antiquity.Vol. 81. 2007:353-367.
Kuzmina E. E et al.. Horses, chariots, and charioteers of Eurasian steppes. Collect. Monograph Ekaterinburg, Samara, Donetsk: Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, UO RAS, 2010.
Kalicz N. Die Badener (Peceler) Kultur und Anatolien. Budapest, 1963.
Khazanov A. M. About periodization of the history of the nomads of the Eurasian steppes . In: Problems of Ethnography. Moscow: Nauka, 1973:5-10.
Klein L. S. Origin of the Indo-Europeans and archeology. In: Eurasian steppe cultures and their interaction with the ancient civilizations. Proceedings of the international scientific conference. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 2012:25-34.
Klejn L.S., et al. Discussion: Are the origins of Indo-European Languages explained by the migration of the Yamnaya culture to the west? In: European Journal of Archaeology, 2017:1-15. DOI:10.1017/eaa.2017.35.
Korenevsky S. N. et al. Bolshoi Ipatovsk mound in the Stavropol region. Collect. monograph / S. N. Korenevsky, A. B. Belinsky, A. A. Kalmykov. Moscow: Nauka, 2007.
Korenevsky S. N. Earliest metal of Caucasus. Typology. Historical and cultural aspects. Moscow: Taus, 2011.
Kovaliov A. A. Earliest Europeans in the heart of Asia: Chemurcheks phenomenon as the key to solving the problem of Tocharian ancestral homeland. In: Eurasian steppe cultures and their interaction with the ancient civilizations. Proceedings of the international scientific conference. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 2012:49-56.
Kradin N. N. The Nomads of Eurasia. Almaty: Daik Press, 2007.
Kristiansen K. Europe before History. Cambridge: Cambrige University Press, 1998.
Kristiansen K. The Bronze Age expansion of the Indo-European languages. In: The Transformation of Third Millennium Northern and Western Europe / Eds. Prescott C, Glørstad H. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2012:165-181.
Kristiansen K., et al. Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe. In: Antiquity, 91(356), 2017:334–347. DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2017.17.
Kristiansen K. et al. Trade and civilization: economic networks and cultural ties, from prehistory to the early modern era / K.Kristiansen, T. Lindkvist, J. Myrdal (Eds). Cambrige: Cambrige University Press, 2018.
Kuznetsov P. F. Horse images in the Bronze Age, and another interpretation of Rostovka composition . In: Northern Eurasia during the Bronze Age: space, time, and culture. Barnaul, 2002:81-84.
Kuzmina E. E. Cemetery Zamanbaba. In: Soviet Archaeology. No. 2. 1958.
Kuzmina E. E. Whence did the Indo-Aryans come? The material culture of Andronovo tribes of community and origin of the Indo-Iranians. Moscow, 1994.
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List of abbreviations
IE – the Indo-Europeans.
IIr – the Indo-Iranians.
JIES – Journal of Indo-European Studies.
KSIA – Brief reports of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. – Moscow: Nauka.
MNC – Maikop-Novosvobodnaya community.
MRA – Materials and research on the archeology of the USSR.
PAS – Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences.
PPS – Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. – London.
RAY – Russian Archaeological yearbook. – St. Petersburg.
RSH – Reports of the State Hermitage. – Leningrad.
SA/RA – Soviet archaeology/ Russian archeology. – Moscow: Nauka.
SAPAR – Siberian Association of Prehistoric Art Researchers.
List of figures
Figure 1. Urals-Kazakh steppes. Reconstruction of true chariot drawn by two horses, according to the evidence of Early Andronovo chariot burials. Reconstructed by Viktor Novozhenov and Krym Altynbekov [2014]
Figure 2. The channels of communication in the 3rd millennium BCE: Era of vans and battle wagons. Colored arrows on the map: white – Pit-Grave and Afanasievo communication channel; yellow – Sumerian communication channel; black – Turanian communication channel; red – Harappan communication channel
Figure 3. The alleged localization of Indo-European homelands in the 3rd millennium BCE. I – Anatolia and Northern Mesopotamia; II – Central Europe; III – Transcaucasia (foothills and steppe); IV – Late Ural-Kazakh “Indo-Iranian homeland”. Colored arrows on the map: white – Pit Grave and Afanasievo communication channel; yellow – Hittite-Mitannian communication channel; black – Turanian communication channel; red – Harappan communication channel; blue – Maicop migration; green – Hittite-Luwian migration; dotted black arrow – Chemurchek migration
Figure 4. Localization of the petroglyphs of Central Asia, containing images of chariots and carts. 1 – Akdzhilga; 2 – Tekke-Tash; 3 – Ohna; 4 – Karakiyasay; 5 – Thor; 6 – Chibbarnala; 7 – Dharampuri; 8 – Chatur Bhu Nash; 9 – Eda Kalkave; 10 – Zhaltyryk-Tash; 11 – Ters; 12-18 – Koibagar, Arpauzen, Koshkar Ata, Gabaevka, Kokbulak, Ran-Ozen, Xan; 19 – Saimaly-Tash; 20 – Tamgaly; 21 – Chumysh; 22 – Jambul; 23 – Kesteletas; 24 – Baikonur 3, “N”; 25 – Sayak; 26 – Eshkiolmes; 27 – Akbaur; 28 – Kurchum; 29 – Moinak; 30 – Tulkune; 31 – Saur Tarbagatai; 32-35 – Kalbak-Tash, Zhalgyz Tepe, Elangash, Adyrkhayev; 36 – Yamany-Us; 37 – Tsagaan Gol; 38 – Bichigty Am; 39 – Hobd Somon; 40 – Beger Somon; 41 – Chuluut; 42 – Darvi Somon; 43 – Manlan Somon; 44 – Havtsgayt; 45 – Urad (the Lang Mountains); 46 – Jiangsu (Kanguan); 47 – Syin Churek; 48 – Mugur Sargol-Ching; 49 – “The Way of Genghis Khan”; 50 – Ortaa Sargol; 51 – Ust Tuba; 52 – “Shaman Stone” (Oglakhty); 53 – Suhaniha; 54 – Mount Tunchuh; 55 – Oshkol; 56 – Mount Sedlovina; 57 – Mount Shishka; 58 – Mount Polosataia; 59 – Transbaikalia; 60 – Sulek; 61 – Tabangut Obo
Figure 5. The channels of communication in the 2nd millennium BCE: The era of Chariots. Colored arrows on the map: white – Seima-Turbino communication channel (the Tin Road); yellow – Turanian communication channel; black – Hittite-Mitannian communication channel; red – Egyptian communication channel; blue – Indian communication channel
Figure 6. Estimated localization of the ancestral homeland of the late Indo-Europeans at the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE. Colored arrows on the map: white – Seima-Turbino communication channel (the Tin Road); yellow – Turanian communication channel; black – Hittite-Mitannian communication channel; red – Egyptian communication channel; blue – Indian communication channel
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2020-05-30
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A. NOVOZHENOV, V. .; K. ALTYNBEKOVA, E. .; ZH. SYDYKOV, A. . INDO-EUROPEAN COMMUNICATIONS:: THE MODEL OF “NOMADIC HOMELAND”. Gênero & Direito, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 04, 2020. DOI: 10.22478/ufpb.2179-7137.2020v9n04.52819. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufpb.br/index.php/ged/article/view/52819. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2024.
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