Between Fiction and Falsehood: The Ethics of Lying in the Sagas of Icelanders
Abstract
This paper discusses a series of episodes from the Sagas of Icelanders in which one character attempts to deceive another. In each case the presentation of the incident is explored to establish whether the deception can be justified according to the internal ethics of the semi-fictionalised Saga Age depicted. On the basis of these examples, drawn from a range of sagas but with a particular emphasis on Grettis saga and Njáls saga, it goes on to argue that the saga authors consistently distinguish between the ethical justification for different attempts to deceive based on: the circumstances in which they take place, the degree to which they might be described as audacious, and the level of success which their instigators enjoy. It posits a distinction between “active” deception (incorporating slander, oath-breaking and níð) and “passive” deception (entrapping an interlocutor into deceiving himself), and concludes with a comparison of the saga hero's skill in bending the truth and the saga author's attempt to be truthful to his source material whileResumé: Cet article traite d'une série d'épisodes des Sagas d'Islandais dans laquelle un personnage tente de tromper un autre. Dans chaque cas, la présentation de l'incident est explorée pour établir si la tromperie peut être justifiée en fonction de l'éthique interne de l'Age Saga semi-fictionnalisé représenté. Sur la base de ces exemples, tirés d'une série de sagas mais avec un accent particulier sur Grettis saga et Njáls saga, il continue à soutenir que les auteurs de saga distinguent systématiquement la justification éthique des différentes tentatives de tromper sur la base de: dans lequel ils ont lieu, le degré auquel ils peuvent être appellés audacieux, et le niveau de succès dont jouissent leurs instigateurs. Il pose une distinction entre la tromperie “active” (qui incorpore la calomnie, la rupture de serment et le níð) et la tromperie “passive” (piéger un interlocuteur pour faire une erreur) et conclut par une comparaison de l'habileté du héros de la saga à plier la vérité avec l'habileté de l'auteur d'être fidèle à son matériel source tout en soutenant l'intérêt de son lecteur.
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