Eaten Hearts and Supernatural Knowledge in Eiríks Saga Rauða

Autores/as

  • Andrea Maraschi Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro"

Resumen

Abstract: Chapter 4 of Eiríks saga rauða has long drawn the attention of scholars due to its detailed description of a seiðr, a rare occurrence in Íslendinga sǫgur as well as in sagas of other genres. The protagonist of the scene, a Greenlandic seiðkona named Þorbjǫrg, is depicted as a social functionary who creates a relationship with the supernatural world and acquires a deeper knowledge and foreknowledge concerning the surrounding area, for the benefit of the local community. The performance takes place during a great famine at the beginning of the eleventh century, and the semi-public ritual had the purpose of predicting when the dearth would come to an end. It consisted – among other things - of a ritual meal: a porridge of kid’s milk and of the cooked hearts of all the living creatures that inhabited the area. The present paper aims at casting light on this specific aspect of Þorbjǫrg’s seiðr, and at contextualizing it within a wider literary and historical landscape. The intention is to integrate traditional interpretations with  observations on the importance of sympathetic magic in ancient and medieval Europe, and particularly in medieval Scandinavia.

 

Riassunto: Il capitolo 4 della Eiríks saga rauða ha attratto l’attenzione degli studiosi già da lungo tempo per via di una dettagliata descrizione di una seiðr, caso abbastanza raro nelle Íslendinga sǫgur e in saghe di altro genere. La protagonista dell’episodio, una seiðkona della Groenlandia di nome Þorbjǫrg, viene dipinta come un “funzionario” con la capacità di stabilire un legame con il mondo soprannaturale e di acquisire una profonda conoscenza e prescienza riguardante l’area circostante, a vantaggio della comunità. Tale pratica semi-pubblica ha luogo durante una grave carestia all’inizio dell’undicesimo secolo, e ha lo scopo di predire quando essa finirà. Essa consiste – tra le altre cose – di un pasto rituale: un porridge di latte di capretto e dei cuori cotti di tutti gli animali che vivevano nell’area. Il presente contributo si prefigge di gettare luce su questo aspetto specifico della seiðr di Þorbjǫrg, e di contestualizzarla all’interno di un più ampio sfondo letterario e storico. L’intenzione è quella di integrare interpretazioni tradizionali tramite osservazioni riguardanti l’importanza della magia simpatetica nell’Europa antica e medievale, e in particolare nella Scandinavia nel medioevo.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Andrea Maraschi, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro"

Lecturer in Medieval History

Departimento di Lettere, Lingue, Arti

Citas

Bibliographical references:

Primary sources

ABRAHAMS, Israel. “The Fox’s Heart.” Jewish Quarterly Review, 1889, 1, 3, pp. 216–222.

AÐALBJARNARSON, Bjarni, ed. Snorri Sturluson, Ynglinga saga, in Heimskringla, I, ÍF 26. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag, 1941, pp. 9-83.

ÁRNASON, Jón. Íslenzkar Þjóðsögur og Ævintýri. 6 vols, 1852-54. Ed. Árni Bödvarsson and Bjarni Vilhjálmsson. Reykjavik: Bókaútgáfan Þjóðsaga, 1954-61.

BIRLEY, Anthony R., trans. Tacitus, Agricola and Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Fáfnismál. In Eddukvæði. Ed. Gísli Sigurðsson. Reykjavík: Mál og menning, 2014, pp. 231-242.

Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans. In Fornaldarsögur Norðrlanda, 1. Ed. Valdimar Ásmundarson. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag, 1891, pp. 1-83.

Hyndluljóð. In Eddukvæði. Ed. Gísli Sigurðsson. Reykjavík: Mál og menning, 2014 (1st ed. 1998), pp. 395-406.

JÓNSSON, Guðni and VILHJÁMSSON, Bjarni, eds. Völsunga saga. In Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda, 1. Reykjavík: Bókaútgáfan forni, 1943, pp. 1-91.

KOESTERMANN, Erich, ed. Cornelius Tacitus, ii. 2: Germania. Agricola. Dialogus de Oratoribus. Leipzig: Teubner, 1970.

LOTH, Agnete, ed. and trans. Vilhjálms saga sjóðs, in Late Medieval Icelandic Romances, IV. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1964, pp. 1-136.

MAYHOFF, Karl Friedrich Theodor, ed. Caius Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historia libri XXXVII. Leipzig: Teubner, 1906.

PAGE, R. I., ed. “Drauma-Jóns saga.” Nottingham Medieval Studies, 1957, 1, pp. 22-56.

STURLUSON, Snorri. Skáldskaparmál, in Edda: Skáldskaparmál, 1, ed. Anthony Faulkes. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 1998.

SVEINSSON, Einar Ólafur and ÞÓRÐARSON, Matthías, eds. Eyrbyggja saga, Grœnlendinga sǫgur, ÍF 4. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag, 1935, pp. 195-237.

ÞORKELSSON, Jón, ed. Diplomatarium Islandicum. Íslenzkt fornbréfasafn. II, Copenhagen: Hið íslenzka bókmentafélag, 1893.

WAGGONER, Ben, ed. and trans. Norse Magical and Herbal Healing. A Medical Book from Medieval Iceland. New Haven, CT: Troth, 2001.

Secondary sources

BLAIN, Jenny. Nine Worlds of Seid-Magic: Ecstasy and Neo-Shamanism in North European Paganism. London: Routledge, 2002.

BOROVSKY, Zoe. “‘En hone r blandin mjök’: Women and Insults in Old Norse Literature.” Anderson, In Sarah M. , and Karen Swenson (eds.). The Cold Counsel: The Women in Old Norse Literature and Myth. New York: Routledge, 2002, pp. 1-14.

BOYER, Régis. “Drauma-Jóns saga.” In Pulsiano, Phillip (ed.). Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. New York and London, 1993, p. 142.

BUCHHOLZ, Peter. “Shamanism – the Testimony of Old Icelandic Literary Tradition.” Mediaeval Scandinavia, 1971, 4, pp. 7-20.

CLOVER, Carol J. “Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe.” Speculum, 1993, 68, 2, pp. 363-387.

CLUNIES ROSS, Margaret. Prolonged Echoes: Old Norse Myths in Medieval Northern Society, vol. 1: The Myths. Odense: Odense University Press, 1994.

DE MARTINO, Ernesto. Il mondo magico. Prolegomeni a una storia del magismo. Torino: Paolo Boringhieri, 2007 (1st ed. 1948).

DE MARTINO, Ernesto. “Crisis of presence and religious reintegration.” Translated by Tobia Farnetti and Charles Stewart. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 2012, 2 (2), pp. 434-450.

DE VRIES, Jan. Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Brill: Leiden, 2000.

DETTER, Ferdinand, and Richard Heinzel, eds. Sæmundar Edda mit einem Anhang herausgegeben und erklärt. 2 vols. Leipzig: Wigand, 1903.

DILLMANN, François-Xavier. “Seiður og shamanismi í Íslendingasögum.” Skáldskaparmál, 1993, 2, pp. 20-33.

DIVJAK, Alenka. “The Motif of Warning Birds in Attila’s Siege of Aquileia and Its Survival and Transformation in the Origo Civitatum Italiae seu Venetiarum (Chronicon Altinate et Chronicon Gradense), La Cronaca di Marco and Chroonica Extensa by Andrea Dandolo.” Acta Histriae, 2013, 21, pp. 493-512.

DUBOIS, Thomas A. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

FARNETTI, Tobia, and Charles Stewart. “Translators’ preface. An introduction to “Crisis of presence and religious reintegration” by Ernesto de Martino.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 2012, 2 (2), pp. 431-433.

FILOTAS, Bernadett. Pagan Survivals, Superstitions, and Popular Cultures in Early Medieval Pastoral Literature. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005.

FRAZER, James George. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. New York: MacMillan, 1922.

GARDELA, Leszek. “Into Viking Minds: Reinterpreting the Staffs of Sorcery and Unravelling Seiðr.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 2008, 4, pp. 45-85.

GARDELA, Leszek. “A Biography of the Seiðr-Staffs. Towards an Archaeology of Emotions.” In Słupecki, L. P., and J. Morawiec (eds.). Between Paganism and Christianity in the North. Rzeszów: Rzeszów University, 2009, pp. 190-219.

GUREVICH, Aron J. Medieval Popular Culture: Problems of Belief and Perception. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Hastrup, Kirsten. Culture and History in Medieval Iceland: An Anthropological Analysis of Structure and Change. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.

HEIDE, Eldar. “Spinning seiðr.” In Andrén, Anders, Kristina Jennbert and Catharina Raudvere (eds.). Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2006, pp. 164-170.

KRESS, Helga. “The Apocalypse of a Culture: Völuspá and the Myth of the Sources/Sorceress in Old Icelandic Literature.” In Teresa Pàroli (ed.). Poetry in the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Proceedings of the Seventh International Saga Conference. Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo, 1990, pp. 279-302.

KRESS, Helga. Máttugar meyjar: íslenzk fornbókmenntasaga. Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan, 1993.

HOLMBERG, Uno. Finno-Ugric Mythology, The Mythology of all Races, IV. Boston: Cooper Square Publishers, 1927.

HOST, Annette. “Exploring Seidhr: A Practical Study of the Seidhr Ritual.” North Atlantic Studies, 2001, 4, 1-2, pp. 73-79.

JENNBERT, Kristina. “Ambiguous Truths? - People and Animals in Pre-Christian Scandinavia.” In J. Bergstøl (ed.). Scandinavian archaeological practice - in theory: proceedings from the 6th Nordic TAG, Oslo 2001. Oslo: Institutt for arkeologi, kunsthistorie og konservering, Universitetet i Oslo, 2003, pp. 212- 230.

JENNBERT, Kristina. Animals and Himans. Recurrent Symbiosis in Archaeology and Old Norse Religion. Vägar till Midgård, 14. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2011.

JESCH, Judith. Women in the Viking age. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1991.

JOCHENS, Jenny. “Old Norse Magic and Gender: Þáttr Þorvalds ens víðfǫrla.” Scandinavian Studies, 1991, 63, pp. 305-317.

FRIÐRIKSDÓTTIR, Johanna Katrín. Women in Old Norse Literature. Bodies, Worlds, and Power. New York: Macmillan, 2013.

AÐALSTEINSSON, Hnefill Aðalsteinsson. “The Varðlokkur of Guðriður Þorbjarnadóttir.” In Ó Catháin, Séamas (ed.). Northern Lights: Following Folklore in North-Western Europe. Essays in Honour of Bo Almqvist. Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2001, pp. 97-110.

KARG, Sabine, Ulla Mannering, Peter Pentz, and Maria Panum Baastrup. “Kong Haralds vølve.” In Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark, 2009, pp. 215-232.

KRAPPE, Alexander H. “Warning Animals.” Folklore, 1948, 59, pp. 8-15.

KUEHN, Sara. The Dragon in Medieval East Christian and Islamic Art. Leiden: Brill, 2011.

LÉVY-BRUHL, Lucien. Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures. Paris: Alcan, 1910.

LÉVY-BRUHL, Lucien. Le surnaturel et la nature dans la mentalité primitive. Paris: Alcan, 1931.

MARASCHI, Andrea. “Sympathy for the Lord. The Host and Elements of Sympathetic Magic in Late Medieval Exempla.” Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures, 2017, 43, 2, pp. 209-230.

MARASCHI, Andrea. “Hunger Games: Supernatural Strategies Against Hunger in the Medieval North.” Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 2018, 133 (in press).

MCGOVERN, Thomas H., and Albina Palsdóttir. “Preliminary Report of a Medieval Norse Archaeofauna from Brattahlið North Farm (KNK 2629), Qassiarsuk, Greenland.” NORSEC Zooarchaeology Laboratory Report no. 34, 2006. Extracted from: http://www.nabohome.org/publications/labreports/Norsec34BrattahlidGreenland05.pdf

MEYLAN, Nicolas. Magic and Kingship in Medieval Iceland. The Construction of a Discourse of Political Resistance. Turnhout: Brepols, 2014.

MITCHELL, Stephen A. “Warlocks, Valkyries and Varlets: A Prolegomenon to the Study of North Sea Witchcraft Terminology.” Cosmos, 2001, 17, pp. 59-81.

MITCHELL, Stephen A. Witchcraft and Magic in the Nordic Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

MONTANARI, Angelica. Il fiero pasto. Antropofagie medievali. Bologna: il Mulino, 2015.

OGDEN, Daniel. Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

OLRIK, Axel. “At sidde på høj.” Danske Studier 1909,pp. 1-10.

ORNING, Hans Jacob. “The Magical Reality of the Late Middle Ages: Exploring the World of the Fornaldarsögur.” Scandinavian Journal of History, 2010, 35, 1, pp. 3-20.

PLUSKOWSKI, Aleks. The archaeology of paganism. In Hamerow, H., Hinton, D. A. and Crawford, S. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 764-778.

PRICE, Neil. The Viking Way. Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2002.

PRICE, Neil. “Bodylore and the archaeology of embedded religion: Dramatic Licence ing the funerals of the Viking Age.” In Whitley, David S., and Kelly Hays-Giplin (eds.). Belief in the Past: Theoretical approaches to the archaeology of religion. London and New Yok: Routledge, Left Coast Press, 2008, pp. 143-165.

RAUDVERE, Catharina. “Trolldómr in Early Medieval Scandinavia.” In Jolly, Karen, Catharina Raudvere, and Edward Peters (eds.). Witchcraft and Magic in Europe. Volume 3. The Middle Ages. London: The Athlone Press, 2002, pp. 73-171.

ROESDAHL, Else. Fyrkat: En Jysk Vikingeborg. II: Oldsagerne Og Gravpladsen. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab, 1977 (Nordiske Fortidsminder, serie B, n. 4).

SAUNDERS, George. “The crisis of presence in Italian Pentecostal conversion.” American Ethnologist, 1995, 22, 2, pp. 324-340.

SCOTT, Robert D. The Thumb of Knowledge in Legends of Finn, Sigurd and Taliesin Or Studies in Celtic and French Literature. New York: Institute of French Studies, 1930.

SMITH, Elliot G. The Evolution of the Dragon. London: Longmans, Green & Co, 1919.

STAPELBERG, Monica-Maria. Strange but True: A Historical Background to Popular Beliefs and Traditions. London: Crux Publishing, 2014.

STRÖMBÄCK, Dag. Sejd: Textstudier i nordisk religionshistoria. Stockholm: H. Geber, 1935.

THOMPSON, Stith. Motif-Index of Folk-Literature: A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folktales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books, and Local Legends. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1955-1958.

TOLLEY, Clive. Shamanism in Norse Myth and Magic. 2 vols. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2009.

TULINIUS, Torfi H. The Matter of the North: The Rise of Literary Fiction in Thirteenth-century Iceland. Translated by Randi C. Eldevik. Odense: Odense University Press, 2002.

VON SEE, Klaus. “Das Herz in Edda und Skaldendichtung.” Skandinavistik, 1978, 8, pp. 16-26. Reprinted in id., Edda, Saga, Skaldendichtung: Aufsätze zur skandinavischen Literatur des Mittelalters. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1981, pp. 73-83.

WAHLGREN, Erik. “Vinland saga.” In Pulsiano, Phillip (ed.). Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1993.

WALKER, P.L., J. Byock, J.T. Eng, J.M Erlandson, P. Holck, K. Prizer, and M.A. Tveskov. “Bioarchaeological evidence for the health status of an early Icelandic population.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2004, Supplement 38, pp. 1-4.

YASSIF, Eli. The Tales of Ben Sira in the Middle-Ages: A Critical Text and Literary Studies. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1984.

ØSTERGÅRD, Else. Woven into the Earth: Textiles from Norse Greenland. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press., 2004.

Descargas

Publicado

2018-12-01

Número

Sección

Articles