THE APHORISMS ON THE ABSOLUTE:
SCHULZE AGAINST THE “GOSPEL” OF SCHELLING AND HEGEL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7443/problemata.v11i4.52965Keywords:
Schulze, Hegel, Schelling, Identity Philosophy, ReflectionAbstract
In our paper, we make a brief presentation and contextualization of Schulze's text, of which we present here a translation, “Aphorisms about the absolute”, where he develops, in an ironic style - or, in the words of Vieweg, pseudo-ironic -, his critique of the philosophies of identity Schelling and Hegel. In our exposition, we aim to point out, in the first place, how the reception of this text by Schelling and Hegel was quite different - so that it begins to bring their disagreements about philosophy and the philosophical method to the surface, which were hidden before in favor of their adherence to a similar philosophical project in its more general lines. Second, we examine which are the conceptual elements discussed in Schulze's text that would be central to the understanding of this philosophical and methodological divergence between Schelling and Hegel, and which will culminate in their definitive rupture with the publication of the Phenomenology of Spirit - conceptual elements that we believe can be found, particularly, in the treatment of the concepts of form, matter (or content) and determination. More specifically: in the objection raised by Schulze that any conception of the absolute based on the concepts of form and content could only be a relative conception, since not only the distinction between content and form is merely formal, but also any content, thought in its distinction and opposition to form, can only be relative and, therefore, formal content. This criticism, we will conclude, will be decisive for the way in which Hegel will come to think of the absolute not only as a substance, but also as a subject.
Downloads
References
ANÔNIMO. Missverständnisse. In: Leipzig Literatur-Zeitung. Intelligenzblatt. n. 6, 1805, pp. 92-95.
BECKENKAMP, J. Ceticismo e idealismo alemão. São Paulo: Edições Loyola, 2019.
BÍBLIA SAGRADA. Tradução João Ferreira de Almeida. São Paulo: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil, 1969.
BICCA, L. O ceticismo de Schulze como crítica do idealismo pós-kantiano. O que nos faz pensar, v. 19, n. 28, pp. 111-130, 2010.
BONACCINI, J. A. Kant e o problema da coisa em si no idealismo alemão. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Relume Dumará, 2003.
BREAZEALE, D. A Resenha do Enesidemo de Fichte e a Transformação do Idealismo Alemão In: Revista SKÉPSIS, n. 11, 2014a, pp. 111-132.
______. Philosophical construction in Philosophy of Identity, In: OSTARIC, L. (Org.). Interpreting Schelling: Critical Essays. Cambridge University Press, 2014b, pp. 91-119.
COELHO, H. S. A Humanização da Experiência no auge da Filosofia Clássica Alemã. Revista Ética e filosofia política, v. 1, n. 17, 2014, pp. 165-181.
DÜSING, K. Das Problem der Subjektivität in Hegels Logik: systematische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zum Prinzip des Idealismus und zur Dialektik. Bonn: Felix Meiner Verlag, 1984.
______. Spekulation und Reflexion: Zur Zusammenarbeit Schellings und Hegels in Jena. In: Hegel-Studien 5. 1969. pp. 95-128.
______. Von der Substanzmetaphysik zur Philosophie der Subjektivität. Zum Paradigmenwechsel Hegels in Jena. In: KIMMERLE, H. (Ed.). Die Eigenbedeutung der Jenaer Systemkonzeptionen Hegels: Gemeinsame Tagung der Internationalen Hegel- Gesellschaft Und der Internationalen Hegel-Vereinigung. Erasmus Universität Rotterdam. De Gruyter, 2004, pp. 187-199.
EIDAM, H. Dasein und Bestimmung: Kants Grund-Problem. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 2000.
FICHTE, J. G. Resenha do Enesidemo. In: BECKENKAMP, J. Entre Kant e Hegel. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, 2004, pp. 67-100.
______. Resenha do Enesidemo. In: BARBOSA, R. Ceticismo e Criticismo: a ideia de uma ciência da ciência em geral. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. PUC-Rio, 2016, pp. 59-98.
______. Sobre o conceito da doutrina da ciência ou da assim chamada filosofia. Tradução: Rubens Torres Rodrigues Filho. In: Os pensadores. São Paulo: Editora Nova Cultural, 1988.
GARDNER, S. Fichte and Schelling: The Limitations of the Wissenschaftslehre? In: JAMES, D.; ZÖLLER, G. (Org.). The Cambridge Companion to Fichte. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, pp. 326-349.
HARRIS, H. S. O Desenvolvimento Intelectual de Hegel até 1807. In: Hegel. BEISER, F. (Org.). São Paulo: Ideias e Letras, 2014, p. 37-65.
HEGEL, G. W. F. Differenz des Fichte’schen und Schelling’schen Systems der Philosophie. In: Jenaer Kritische Schriften, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 4, Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1968.
______. Ueber die wissenschaftlichen Behandlungsarten des Naturrechts, seine Stelle in der praktischen Philosophie, und sein Verhältnis zu den positiven Rechtswissenschaften. In: Jenaer Kritische Schriften, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 4, Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1968.
______. Jenaer Systementwürfe I. Gesammelte Werke, vol. 6. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1968.
______. Jenaer Systementwürfe II. Gesammelte Werke, vol. 7. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1971.
______. Phänomenologie des Geistes. Gesammelte Werke, vol. 9. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1980.
______. Briefe von und an Hegel: Bände 1. 1785-1812. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1952.
______. Relação do ceticismo com a filosofia (1802). In: BECKENKAMP, J. Ceticismo e idealismo alemão. São Paulo: Edições Loyola, 2019, pp. 135-189.
HENRICH, D. Absoluter Geist und Logik des Endlichen. In: Hegel-Studien, Beiheft 20. Bonn: Bouvier, 1980, pp. 103-118.
HÖLDERLIN, F. Sämtliche Werke. Kleine Stuttgarter Ausgabe. Briefe, v. 6. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1965.
JAESCHKE, W. Hegel Handbuch. Stuttgart: J.B Metzler Verlag, 2003.
JAESCHKE, W.; ARNDT, A. Die Klassische Deutsche Philosophie nach Kant: Systeme der reinen Vernunft und ihre Kritik 1785-1845. CH Beck, 2012.
KANT. I. Crítica da Razão Pura. Tradução de Manuela Pinto dos Santos e Alexandre Fradique Morujão. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2013.
MEIST, K. R. Sich vollbringender Skeptizismus. G. E. Schulzes Replik auf Hegel und Schelling. In: JAESCHKE, W. (Ed.). Transzendentalphilosophie und Spekulation: Der Streit um die Gestalt einer ersten Philosophie (1799-1807). Meiner Verlag, 1993.
REINHOLD, K. L. Beyträge zur leichtern Übersicht des Zustandes der Philosophie beym Anfange des 19. Jahrhunderts. Sechstes Heft. In: Beyträge zur leichtern Übersicht des Zustandes der Philosophie beym Anfange des 19. Jahrhunderts. Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 7, Berlin: Schwabe Verlag, 2020, pp. 749-867.
______. The Foundation of Philosophical Knowledge. In: Between Kant and Hegel: Texts in the Development of Post-Kantian Idealism (orgs. George di Giovanni e H.S. Harris). Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 2000.
______. Über den philosophischen Skeptizismus. Vorrede. In: HUME, D. David Humes Untersuchungen über den menschlichen Verstand. Tradução Tennemann, Jena: Verlag der akademischen Buchhandlung, 1793.
ROSENKRANZ, K. Geschichte der Kant'schen Philosophie. Steffen Dietzsch (Hrsg). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1987.
SCHELLING, F.W.J. Sämmtliche Werke. Vierter Band. Stuttgart und Augsburg: JG Cotta’scher Verlag, 1859.
______. Sämmtliche Werke. Fünfter Band. Stuttgart und Augsburg: JG Cotta’scher Verlag, 1859.
______. Über die Möglichkeit einer Form der Philosophie überhaupt. In: Ausgewählte Schriften, Volume I. Baden-Baden, Suhrkamp, 1985.
______. Aforismos para introdução à filosofia da natureza e aforismos sobre filosofia da natureza. Tradução Márcia Gonçalves. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. PUC-Rio, 2010.
______. Cartas filosóficas sobre o dogmatismo e o criticismo. Coleção Os Pensadores, 3ª ed. Tradução Rubens Rodrigues Torres Filho. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1989.
SCHULZE, G. E. Aphorismen über das Absolute (1803). In: JAESCHKE, W. (Ed.). Transzendentalphilosophie und Spekulation. Quellen: Der Streit um die Gestalt einer ersten Philosophie (1799-1807). Meiner Verlag, 1993.
VIEWEG, K. Philosophie des Remis: Der Junge Hegel und das Gespenst des Skepticismus. Munique: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1999.
______. Skepsis und Freiheit: Hegel über den Skeptizismus zwischen Philosophie und Literatur. Munique: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 2007.
WESTPHAL, K. R. Kant, Hegel and the Fate of "the" Intuitive Intellect. In: SEDGWICK, S. (Ed). The Reception of Kant's Critical Philosophy. Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 283-305.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
-
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
