Distribuição espacial dos visitantes na piscina de visitação do Parque Natural Municipal do Recife de Fora, Porto Seguro (Bahia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1981-1268.2017v11n3.28030Abstract
Os recifes de coral estão entre os ecossistemas mais biodiversos do planeta sendo também um dos mais ameaçados, dentre as principais causas de ameaça está o crescente turismo desordenado. O Brasil possui recifes distribuídos ao longo de sua costa nordeste, onde está localizado o Parque Natural Municipal do Recife de Fora, no município de Porto Seguro (Bahia). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição espacial dos turistas na Piscina de Visitação do Parque. Uma câmera fotográfica foi configurada para registrar uma foto a cada minuto da visitação nas quatro faces da piscina (Norte, Sul, Leste e Oeste). Nos quatro dias de observação, a câmera foi colocada sempre no mesmo local. Uma amostra (uma foto a cada 5 min.) das fotos foi utilizada para a contagem do número de visitantes em cada face para cada dia de amostragem. Análise de Variância unifatorial para medidas repetidas seguida do pós-teste de Tukey-Kramer indicou que a face Norte da Piscina de Visitação foi a que apresentou maior número de turistas. Este resultado pode estar relacionado às características de visitação da piscina e de seu aspecto físico. A longo prazo, o intenso pisoteio promovido pelos visitantes pode ter impactos negativos para a biota local. Por isso, é necessário que programas de monitoramento sejam aplicados com o intuito de avaliar quais os limites aceitáveis de mudança no local. Os resultados deste estudo podem ser incorporados no Plano de Manejo do Parque que está em fase de elaboração.
Downloads
References
ALBUQUERQUE, T. et al. In situ effects of human disturbances on coral reef-fish assemblage structure: temporary and persisting changes are reflected as a result of intensive tourism. Marine and Freshwater Research, Melbourne, v. 66, p. 23–32, 2015.
ARANTES, R.C.M. Geoprocessamento aplicado à modelagem ambiental em recifes de coral. 2012. 196 f. (Tese) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. 2012.
BARKER, N.H.L; ROBERTS, C.M. Scuba diver behaviour and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs. Biological Conservation, London, v. 120, n. 4, p. 481–489, 2004.
BROWNE, N.K.; TAY, J.; TODD, P.A. Recreating pulsed turbidity events to determine coral–sediment thresholds for active management. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Amsterdam, v. 466, p. 98–109, 2015.
CESAR, H.; BURKE, L.; PET-SOEDE, L. The economics of worldwide coral reef degradation. WWF and ICRAN, 24p, 2003.
CHAVES, L.C.T.; NUNES, J.A.C.C.; SAMPAIO, C.L.S. Shallow Reef Fish Communities of South Bahia Coast, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, São Paulo, v. 58(special issue IICBBM), p. 33-46, 2010.
CHAVES, L.T.C.; PEREIRA, P.H.C.; FEITOSA, J.L.L. Coral reef fish association with macroalgal beds on a tropical reef system in North-eastern Brazil. Marine and Freshwater Research, Melbourne, v. 64, n. 12, p. 1101-1111, 2013.
COSTA, T.J.F. et al. Expansion of an invasive coral species over Abrolhos Bank, Southwestern Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, London, v. 85, p. 252–253, 2014.
COSTA, F.B. et al. Descrição do Ambiente e Padrão de Sedimentação no Recife de Fora, Porto Seguro, BA. XIII Congresso da Associação Brasileira de Estudos do Quaternário ABEQUA; III Encontro do Quaternário Sulamericano; XIII ABEQUA Congress - The South American Quaternary: Challenges and Perspectives, 2011. Disponível em: <http://www.abequa.org.br/trabalhos/prototipo_resumo_abequa.pdf>. Acesso em: 05/06/2015.
DIEDRICH, A. The impacts of tourism on coral reef conservation awareness and support in coastal communities in Belize. Coral Reefs, Berlin, v. 26, p. 985-996, 2007.
FEARY, D.A.; MCCORMICK, M.I.; JONES, G.P. Growth of reef fishes in response to live coral cover. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Amsterdam, v. 373, n, 1, p. 45–49, 2009.
GIGLIO, V.J.; LUIZ, O.J.; SCHIAVETTI, A. Marine life preferences and perceptions among recreational divers in Brazilian coral reefs. Tourism Management, Hamilton, v. 51, p. 49-57, 2015.
HANNAK, J.S. et al. Snorkelling and trampling in shallow-water fringing reefs: Risk assessment and proposed management strategy. Journal of Environmental Management, London, v. 92, p. 2723-2733, 2011.
HARRIOTT, V.J.; DAVIS, D.; BANKS, S.A. Recreational diving and its impact in marine protected areas in eastern Australia. Ambio, Oslo, v. 26, n. 3, p. 173–179, 1997.
HAWKINS, J.P.; ROBERTS, C.M. Estimating the carrying capacity of coral reefs for SCUBA diving. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL CORAL REEF SYMPOSIUM, PANAMA: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, 1923–1926, 1997.
HOEGH-GULDBERG, O. et al. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science, New York, v. 318, n. 5857, p. 1737–1742, 2007.
HUGHES, T.P. et al. Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs. Science, New York, v. 301, p. 929-933, 2003.
ILARRI, M.D.I. et al. Effects of tourist visitation and supplementary feeding on fish assemblage composition on a tropical reef in the Southwestern Atlantic. Neotropical Ichthyology, Maringá, v. 6, n. 4, p. 651–656, 2008.
KAY, A.M.; LIDDLE, M.J. Impact of Human Trampling in Different Zones of a Coral Reef Flat. Environmental Management, New York, v. 13, n. 4, p. 509-520, 1989.
LAMB, J.B.; WILLIS, B.L. Using Coral Disease Prevalence to Assess the Effects of Concentrating Tourism Activities on Offshore Reefs in a Tropical Marine Park. Conservation Biology, Boston, v. 25, n. 5, p. 1044–1052, 2011.
LEÃO, Z.M.A.N.; DOMINGUEZ, J.M.L. Tropical Coast of Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, London, v. 4, p. 112-122, 2000.
LEUJAK, W.; ORMOND, R.F.G. Quantifying acceptable levels of visitor use on Red Sea reef flats. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Chichester, v. 18, p. 930–944, 2008.
LIDDLE, M.J.; KAY, A.M. Resistance, Survival and Recovery of Trampled Corals on The Great Barrier Reef. Biological Conservation, London, v. 42, p. 1-18, 1987.
MADIN, E.M.P.; FENTON, D.M. Environmental Interpretation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: An Assessment of Programme Effectiveness. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, South Yorkshire, v. 12, n. 2, p. 121-137, 2004.
MMA – Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Panorama da conservação dos ecossistemas costeiros e marinhos no Brasil. Secretaria de Biodiversidade e Florestas/Gerência de Biodiversidade Aquática e Recursos Pesqueiros. Brasília: MMA/SBF/GBA, 2010.
MOBERG, F.; FOLKE, C. Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems. Ecological Economics, Amsterdam, v. 29, n. 2, p. 215–233, 1999.
NEIL, D. Potential for Coral Stress due to Sediment Resuspension and Deposition by Reef Walkers. Biological Conservation, London, v. 52, p. 221-227, 1990.
OLIVEIRA, J.A.P. Governmental responses to tourism development: three Brazilian case studies. Tourism Management, Hamilton, v. 24, p. 97–110, 2003.
OLIVER, J. Is the ‘limits of acceptable change’ concept useful for environmental managers? A case study from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. In. GRIGG, G.C.; HALE, P.T.; LUNNEY, D. (eds). Conservation through Sustainable Use of Wildlife. Centre of Conservation Biology, University of Queensland, Townsville; 1985, p. 131–139.
PANDOLFI, J.M. et al. Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems. Science, New York, v. 301, p. 955–8, 2003.
PANDOLFI, J.M.; JACKSON, J.B.C. Ecological persistence interrupted in Caribbean coral reefs. Ecology Letters, Oxford, v. 9, n. 7, p. 818–826, 2006.
RODGERS, K.S.; COX, E.F. The effects of trampling on Hawaiian corals along a gradient of human use. Biological Conservation, London, v. 112, p. 383–389, 2003.
ROUPHAEL, A.B.; INGLIS, G.J. Impacts of recreational SCUBA diving at sites with different reef topographies. Biological Conservation, London, v. 82, n. 3, p. 329–336, 1997.
SALE, P.F. Management of coral reefs: Where we have gone wrong and what we can do about it. Marine Pollution Bulletin, London, v. 56, p. 805–809, 2008.
SARMENTO, V.C.; BARRETO, A.F.S.; SANTOS, P.J.P. The response of meiofauna to human trampling on coral reefs. Scientia Marina, Barcelona, v. 75, n. 3, p. 559-570, 2011.
SARMENTO, V.C.; SANTOS, P.J.P. Trampling on coral reefs: tourism effects on harpacticoid copepods. Coral Reefs, Berlin, v. 31, n. 1, p. 135–146, 2012.
SARMENTO, V.C.; SOUZA, T.P.; Esteves, A.M.; Santos, P.J.P. Effects of seawater acidification on a coral reef meiofauna community. Coral Reefs, Berlin, 2015. DOI 10.1007/s00338-015-1299-6
SEOANE, J.C.S.; ARANTES, R.C.M.; CASTRO, C.B. Benthic habitat mapping at Recife de Fora, Brazil: Imagery and GIS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL CORAL REEF SYMPOSIUM, Cairns, Australia, 2012.
SHAFER, C.S.; INGLIS, G.J. Influence of Social, Biophysical, and Managerial Conditions on Tourism Experiences Within the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Environmental Management, New York, v. 26, n. 1, p. 73–87, 2000.
STANKEY, G.H. et al. The limits of acceptable change (LAC) system for wilderness planning. General technical report INT-176, USDA Forest Service Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT, 1985.
UNDERWOOD, A.J. Experiments in ecology: Their logical design and interpretation using Analysis of Variance. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 524p, 1997.
WILKINSON, C.R. Global and local threats to coral reef functioning and existence: review and predictions. Marine and Freshwater Research, Melbourne, v. 50, p. 867-878, 1999.
WILSON, S.K. Multiple disturbances and the global degradation of coral reefs: are reef fishes at risk or resilient? Global Change Biology, Oxford, v. 12, n. 11, p. 2220–2234, 2006.
WOODLAND, D.J.; HOOPER, J.N.A. The effect of human trampling on coral reefs. Biological Conservation, London, v. 11, p. 1-4, 1977.
ZAKAI, D.; CHADWICK-FURMAN, N.E. Impacts of intensive recreational diving on reef corals at Eilat, northern Red Sea. Biological Conservation, London, v. 105, p. 179–187, 2002.
ZAR, J.H. Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1974.
